Grade XII · Geography · Unit 1
Unit 1 · Human Geography (08 Marks)
- Nature and scope of Human Geography.
High School · Grade XII
GeographySyllabus Of Grade XII - GE1212
The Grade XII Geography syllabus is divided into two compulsory parts - Part A: Fundamentals of Human Geography and Part B: India - People and Economy. Each unit carries separate marks and together they form a 3-hour examination of 100 marks.
Overall focus: Human geography, population and human development, economic and human activities, transport and trade, human settlements, resources and development, key issues and problems, and world/India map work.
Part A: Fundamentals of Human Geography - 50 MarksPart B: India - People and Economy - 50 MarksTime: 3 Hours · All units in both parts are compulsory.
Instructions: The syllabus is organised into Part A and Part B. The marks distribution for each unit is indicated in the summary table below, followed by detailed unit-wise content for both parts.
Summary of Units - Part A & Part B (Total: 100 Marks)
| Part / Unit | Area Covered | Marks | Read More |
|---|---|---|---|
Unit 1 Part A - Fundamentals of Human Geography | Human Geography | 8 | Read more |
Unit 2 Part A - Fundamentals of Human Geography | People | 8 | Read more |
Unit 3 Part A - Fundamentals of Human Geography | Human Activities | 10 | Read more |
Unit 4 Part A - Fundamentals of Human Geography | Transport, Communication & Trade | 10 | Read more |
Unit 5 Part A - Fundamentals of Human Geography | Human Settlements | 8 | Read more |
Unit 6 Part A - Fundamentals of Human Geography | Map Work (World) | 6 | Read more |
Unit 1 Part B - India: People and Economy | People | 6 | Read more |
Unit 2 Part B - India: People and Economy | Human Settlements | 8 | Read more |
Unit 3 Part B - India: People and Economy | Resources and Development | 15 | Read more |
Unit 4 Part B - India: People and Economy | Transport, Communication and International Trade | 8 | Read more |
Unit 5 Part B - India: People and Economy | Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems | 8 | Read more |
Unit 6 Part B - India: People and Economy | Map Work (India) | 5 | Read more |
| Time: 3 Hours (Written Examination) | Total Marks | 100 | |
Part A - Fundamentals of Human Geography (50 Marks)
8 Marks
Grade XII · Geography · Unit 2
Unit 2 · People (08 Marks)
- Population - distribution, density and growth.
- Population change - spatial patterns and structure; determinants of population change.
- Age-sex ratio; rural-urban composition.
- Human development - concept; selected indicators; international comparisons.
Grade XII · Geography · Unit 3
Unit 3 · Human Activities (10 Marks)
- Primary activities - concept and changing trends; gathering, pastoralism, mining, subsistence agriculture and modern agriculture; people engaged in agricultural and allied activities - examples from selected countries.
- Secondary activities - concept; manufacturing types - household, small-scale and large-scale; agro-based and mineral-based industries; people engaged in secondary activities - examples from selected countries.
- Tertiary activities - concept; trade, transport and communication; services; people engaged in tertiary activities - examples from selected countries.
- Quaternary activities - concept; knowledge-based industries; people engaged in quaternary activities - examples from selected countries.
Grade XII · Geography · Unit 4
Unit 4 · Transport, Communication and Trade (10 Marks)
- Land transport - roads, railways and trans-continental railways.
- Water transport - inland waterways and major ocean routes.
- Air transport - intercontinental air routes.
- Oil and gas pipelines.
- Satellite communication and cyber space.
- International trade - bases and changing patterns; ports as gateways of international trade; role of WTO in international trade.
Grade XII · Geography · Unit 5
Unit 5 · Human Settlements (08 Marks)
- Settlement types - rural and urban.
- Morphology of cities (case study).
- Distribution of mega cities.
- Problems of human settlements in developing countries.
Grade XII · Geography · Unit 6
Unit 6 · Map Work (World) (06 Marks)
- Map work on identification of features based on the above units on the outline political map of the world.
Part B - India: People and Economy (50 Marks)
Grade XII · Geography · Unit 1
Unit 1 · People (06 Marks)
- Population: distribution, density and growth; composition of population - linguistic and religious; sex, rural-urban and occupational structure; population change through time and regional variations.
- Migration: international and national - causes and consequences.
- Human development: selected indicators and regional patterns.
- Population, environment and development.
Grade XII · Geography · Unit 2
Unit 2 · Human Settlements (08 Marks)
- Rural settlements - types and distribution.
- Urban settlements - types, distribution and functional classification.
Grade XII · Geography · Unit 3
Unit 3 · Resources and Development (15 Marks)
- Land resources - general land use; agricultural land use; geographical conditions and distribution of major crops (wheat, rice, tea, coffee, cotton, jute, sugarcane and rubber); agricultural development and problems.
- Water resources - availability and utilization (irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses); scarcity of water and conservation methods - rainwater harvesting and watershed management (one case study related with participatory watershed management to be introduced).
- Mineral and energy resources - distribution of metallic minerals (iron ore, copper, bauxite, manganese) and non-metallic minerals (mica, salt); conventional energy sources (coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydro electricity) and non-conventional energy sources (solar, wind, biogas) and their conservation.
- Industries - types; factors of industrial location; distribution and changing pattern of selected industries - iron and steel, cotton textiles, sugar, petrochemicals and knowledge-based industries; impact of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation on industrial location; industrial clusters.
- Planning in India - target area planning (case study); idea of sustainable development (case study).
Grade XII · Geography · Unit 4
Unit 4 · Transport, Communication and International Trade (08 Marks)
- Transport and communication - roads, railways, waterways and airways; oil and gas pipelines; national electric grids; communication networks - radio, television, satellite and internet.
- International trade - changing pattern of India’s foreign trade; sea ports and their hinterland; airports.
Grade XII · Geography · Unit 5
Unit 5 · Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems (08 Marks)
- Environmental pollution; urban waste disposal.
- Urbanization and rural-urban migration; problems of slums.
- Land degradation.
Grade XII · Geography · Unit 6
Unit 6 · Map Work (India) (05 Marks)
- Map work on locating and labelling of features based on the above units on the outline political map of India.
Referred Books
- Fundamentals of Human Geography
- India - People and Economy
- Practical Work in Geography (Part)